Ọkwa iwu pụtara na onye ọkaiwu a nabatara (onye na-akwado) na-eme ihe n'aha gị na ntụziaka gị: onye ọkaiwu na-eduzi ikpe ahụ, bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ usoro, na-agwa ụlọ ikpe okwu ma na-akparịta ụka na akụkụ nke ọzọ. N'okwu obodo dị n'elu ụlọikpe mpaghara, ọ bụ iwu; n'okwu mpụ ọ bụ ikike ị nwere ike ịhọrọ iji; n'okwu nchịkwa ọ bụ nhọrọ.
Dịka iwu Dutch si dị, nnọchite anya bụ ikike iwu kwadoro, ọ bụghị okwu izugbe maka enyemaka iwu. Ọ na-ekpebi ma ị nwere ike ịme ikpe n'onwe gị, onye nwere ike ịbịanye aka n'akwụkwọ ịkpọ oku, ma akwụkwọ ozi gị ọ bụ nke ikike ọkachamara na onye ga-aza ajụjụ n'aka ndị ọka iwu Netherlands (Nederlandse order van advocaten) ma ọ bụrụ na ihe adịghị mma.
Olee mgbe a ga-amanye onye ọkaiwu n'okwu Dutch?
N'okwu ndị obodo, ị chọrọ ọkaiwu ma ọ gwụla ma ụlọikpe mpaghara (kantonrechter) nụrụ okwu gị. Iwu ahụ dị na Nkeji edemede 79 nke Usoro Iwu Obodo nke Dutch (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering, Rv); ikpe mpụ na nchịkwa na-agbaso iwu nke ha.
Usoro obodo
Ụlọikpe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ụlọikpe mpaghara ahụ. N'okpuru Nkeji edemede 93 Rv, ọ na-anụ mkpesa ruru euro 25,000 na, n'agbanyeghị ego ole ọ dị, ikpe ọrụ, ikpe ụlọ, esemokwu kredit ndị ahịa na ihe ndị ahịa zụtara, na nkwekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ, ị nwere ike ịme ikpe ahụ n'onwe gị, ma ọ bụ ka onye nnọchite anya enyere gị ikike nke na-abụghị onye ọkaiwu nyere gị aka.
N'okwu ndị ọzọ niile gbasara obodo, onye na-akwado ikpe bụ iwu. Nke ahụ metụtara ikpe nkịtị n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpaghara, mkpesa n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị (gerechtshof) na ikpe n'ihu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu (Hoge Raad). N'okwu nkpegharị, naanị onye ọkaiwu edebanyere aha dị ka ọkaiwu nkpegharị (cassatieadvocaat) nwere ike ime ihe. E nwere otu ihe dị mkpa dị na okwu nchịkọta (kort geding) n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpaghara: onye na-ebo ebubo chọrọ ọkaiwu, mana onye a na-ebo ebubo nwere ike ịpụta n'onwe ya n'okpuru Nkeji edemede 255 Rv, belụsọ ma onye a na-ebo ebubo etinye akwụkwọ mkpesa n'ihu.
Ebe ọ bụ iwu na a ga-enye onye nnọchiteanya, ihe ga-esi na ya pụta n'enweghị onye ọkaiwu bụ usoro iwu, ọ bụghị ihe gbasara uru ya. Onye na-ebo ebubo enweghị ike ịmalite ikpe ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, onye a na-ebo ebubo nke na-apụtaghị site n'aka onye ọkaiwu na-etinye aka n'ihe ize ndụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi (verstek). Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara otu esi agba ikpe obodo n'isiokwu anyị gbasara ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe ndị Dutch na na peeji usoro iwu obodo anyị.
Usoro mpụ
Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla nwere iwu inwe onye ọkaiwu n'okwu mpụ na Dutch, mana ikike mmadụ nwere bụ nke e chebere n'oge ọ bụla. Nkeji edemede nke 28 nke Usoro Mpụ (Wetboek van Strafvordering, Sv) na-enye onye ọ bụla a na-enyo enyo ikike ka onye ọkaiwu nyere ya aka.
N'okpuru Iwu nke 28a Sv, onye a na-enyo enyo nwere ike ịhapụ ikike ahụ, mana naanị n'afọ ofufo na mgbe a gwachara ya ihe ga-esi na ya pụta. N'okpuru Iwu nke 28c Sv, onye a na-enyo enyo ejidere nwere ike ịgakwuru ọkaiwu tupu ajụjụ ọnụ ndị uwe ojii mbụ, n'ụkpụrụ ruo ọkara awa. N'okpuru Iwu nke 28d Sv, ọkaiwu nwere ike ịga ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ n'onwe ya, ma maka onye a na-enyo enyo ejidere na maka onye a na-enyo enyo a kpọrọ ka ọ bịa maka ajụjụ ọnụ. Mgbe ejidere onye a na-enyo enyo, Iwu nke 28b Sv chọrọ ka osote ọkaiwu ọha, n'okwu ndị ọ kọwara, gwa ndị otu enyemaka iwu (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand), ka e wee nye onye ọkaiwu ọrụ.
Statements made in a first interview without advice are hard to correct later, and under Article 29 Sv you have the right to remain silent. Our ndị ọka iwu mpụ page explains how we assist at police interviews.
Usoro nchịkwa
N'iwu nchịkwa, ọ dịghị mgbe a ga-amanye onye ọkaiwu. N'okwu mkpesa n'ihu ndị ọchịchị ọha na eze na mkpesa gaa n'ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa n'okpuru Iwu Iwu Nchịkwa Izugbe (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb), ị nwere ike ime onwe gị ma ọ bụ họpụta onye nnọchite anya ọ bụla enyere ikike.
Nke ahụ metụtakwara mkpesa ndị a na-enye na Ngalaba Nchịkwa nke Kansụl Steeti (Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State). Enweghị ihe achọrọ anaghị ekwu ihe ọ bụla gbasara ma ọ dị mkpa ka a nye onye ọkaiwu. Oge njedebe nchịkwa dị mkpụmkpụ, nke na-abụkarị izu isii, ụlọ ikpe na-etinyekwa ha n'ọrụ nke ọma. N'okwu mbata na ọpụpụ, oge ahụ na-abụkarị izu anọ.
Gịnị ka nnọchiteanya iwu gụnyere?
Representation covers far more than the hearing: advice, documents, negotiation and the procedural deadlines. Most of the work happens before anyone enters a courtroom, and much of it aims to make a hearing unnecessary.
Your lawyer first establishes the facts, the applicable rules and whether a limitation period has expired, including where your evidence is weak. Advice from an advocaat is covered by professional privilege (verschoningsrecht), so correspondence about a dispute, an internal investigation or a regulatory issue is protected in a way that correspondence with an unadmitted adviser is not.
Your lawyer then drafts the documents on which a case stands or falls: the writ of summons or petition, the statement of defence and the exhibits. In transactional matters, that includes the contracts and settlement agreements that prevent litigation. A liability cap, a forum clause or a final discharge in a settlement can decide the entire outcome.
In court, your lawyer presents the case and answers the judge’s questions; Dutch civil procedure gives the judge an active role. Outside court, the same authority allows your lawyer to negotiate a settlement, a payment plan or the withdrawal of proceedings on terms.
Representation also means someone is responsible for the procedural steps. The appeal period is three months in ordinary civil cases (Article 339 Rv), four weeks after a summary judgment, generally six weeks in administrative matters and fourteen days in criminal cases. Our ndị ọka iwu mkpesa nwere ike ịlele ma nsọ nwanyị ka dị.
Ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ ka ọ bụ ikike onye ọkaiwu?
Mba. Ike onye ọkaiwu na-enye mmadụ ohere ime ihe iwu kpọmkwem maka gị; nnọchite anya iwu bụ ikike usoro iji mee ihe n'ihu ụlọ ikpe.
Ike ọkaiwu (volmacht) bụ ngwa ọrụ nkeonwe. Ọ na-enye mmadụ ikike ịbịanye aka na akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta, ree ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ akaụntụ n'aha gị. Ọ na-egosi iwu, mana ọ naghị enye ikike ịpụta n'ụlọ ikpe. Ị nwere ike inye onye ezinụlọ ikike ọkaiwu ire ụlọ gị na Netherlands, mana onye ezinụlọ ahụ enweghị ike ịme ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke na-esote site na ire ere ebe ọ bụ iwu na-amanye ọkaiwu.
Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Mgbe ị na-enye onye na-akwado ikpe maka ikpe, iwu usoro n'onwe ya na-enye onye ọkaiwu ikike ime ihe, yabụ na ọ dịghị mkpa ikike ọkaiwu dị iche. A chọrọ ikike dị iche naanị ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọkaiwu ahụ ga-ejikwa ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ mee ihe iwu na-abụghị usoro ikpe ahụ. Otu ọdịiche ahụ metụtara ikike ọkaiwu na-adịgide adịgide (levenstestament) na onye nchịkwa ụlọ ikpe họpụtara n'okpuru nchịkwa nchebe (bewind). Ndị a na-ahazi onye nwere ike ime ihe maka gị kwa ụbọchị na okwu ego, ọ bụghị onye nwere ike ịgba akwụkwọ.
Ònye nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya iwu?
Naanị onye na-akwado gị nwere ike ịnọchite anya gị ebe ọ dị mkpa ka a na-anọchite anya gị. Ndị ndụmọdụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike inye aka ma depụta aha, mana ha agaghị apụta n'okwu ndị ahụ.
A na-anabata onye ọkaiwu n'okpuru nlekọta ya, iwu ịdọ aka ná ntị na ikike ọkachamara ya. Onye ọkaiwu iwu obodo (notaris) nwere ikike n'okwu ndị akọwapụtara, dị ka nnyefe ihe onwunwe, itinye aka na nkwekọrịta ihe onwunwe alụmdi na nwunye na uche. Ndị ọkaiwu nọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-adụ ọdụ maka nzukọ nke ha; ọnọdụ ha dị iche na nke onye ọkaiwu mpụga n'ụzọ ndị dị mkpa maka ihe ùgwù. Ndị ndụmọdụ iwu na-enweghị nnabata ndị ọkaiwu, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nchịkọta ụgwọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ, nwere ike inye aka ma depụta, mana ha agaghị apụta ebe ọ bụ iwu na-achọ ka onye ọkaiwu nọchite anya ha.
Ndị ahịa mba ụwa na-ajụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọkaiwu nke ha si mba ọzọ nwere ike ime ihe. Ọkaiwu si mba ọzọ so na EU nwere ike inye ọrụ na Netherlands, mana ebe ọ bụ iwu na-akwado onye nnọchiteanya, ọkaiwu ahụ ga-eso onye ọkaiwu Dutch rụọ ọrụ. Ọkaiwu si mba ọzọ na EU enweghị ike ịnọchite anya gị n'okwu ndị ahụ ma ọlị, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịnọgide na-enye gị ndụmọdụ n'azụ.
Ule a dị mfe: jụọ ma onye ị na-akụziri ihe nwere ike ịpụta n'ụlọ ikpe nke ga-ekpebi okwu gị. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, ị nwere ike ịchọ onye ndụmọdụ nke abụọ n'oge kacha njọ. Ndekọ nke Netherlands Bar dị na advocatenorde.nl , ọ na-ewekwa sekọnd ole na ole iji lelee tupu ị bịanye aka na akwụkwọ nkwa ọlụlụ.
Ị nwere ike ịhọrọ ọkaiwu nke gị?
Ee. N'èzí ọnọdụ onye ọkaiwu ọrụ, ị ga-ahọrọ onye ga-anọchite anya gị, gụnyere mgbe ị na-enweta enyemaka iwu enyere aka ma ọ bụ mgbe ị nwere mkpuchi mmefu iwu.
Site na enyemaka iwu enyere aka, ị nwere ike ịgwa ọkaiwu ọ bụla sonyere na usoro enyemaka iwu ma dị njikere ikpe ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ntụkwasị obi emebie ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu ada, ị nwere ike ịrịọ Legal Aid Board ka ọ nye gị ọkaiwu ọzọ. N'okwu mpụ, ụlọ ikpe nwere ike dochie naanị ọkaiwu nke na-egbochi ikpe ahụ mgbe ọ nụchara akụkụ abụọ ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ na-enye onye ọkaiwu ntụziaka site n'aka ndị isi ya. Ozugbo e tinyere onye ọkaiwu n'ọrụ, ọrụ ya dịịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ bụghị maka ndị nwere òkè n'otu n'otu. Nke a na-apụtakarị n'ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị nwere òkè, ebe onye nduzi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịchọ ndị ọkaiwu dị iche.
Subsidised legal aid is governed by the Legal Aid Act (Wet op de rechtsbijstand) and administered by the Legal Aid Board. If your income and assets are below the statutory limits, the Board grants a legal aid certificate (toevoeging) and the state pays most of the lawyer’s fee; you pay a personal contribution. The limits and the contribution are adjusted every year, so take the current figures from the Board itself. Het Juridisch Loket gives first-line advice at no cost and can refer you to a lawyer.
Gịnị ka ọnụ ahịa nnọchite anya iwu na-eri, ònyekwa na-akwụ ụgwọ?
Enweghị ụgwọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro maka ndị ọkaiwu na Netherlands. Ị ga-ekweta ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ na ọkaiwu gị tupu oge eruo; na ngwụcha ikpe obodo, onye meriri na-akwụkarị naanị obere ego a kapịrị ọnụ maka ụgwọ onye meriri.
A na-ede ụgwọ n'akwụkwọ ozi nkwa tupu ọrụ amalite. Ọtụtụ ọrụ na-ana ụgwọ site na awa; ụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọrụ akọwapụtara dịka nyocha nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ arịrịọ. Iwu ndị ọkachamara Dutch anaghị ekwe ka ndokwa nke ụgwọ niile dabere na nsonaazụ ya. Jụọ n'akwụkwọ ihe dị na ya: ma a na-ana oge njem, otu esi ejikwa ụgwọ dị ka ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ, ụgwọ ụlọ ikpe, ntụgharị na ndị ọkachamara, na ma ọnụego ahụ gụnyere VAT. Atụmatụ doro anya maka nkebi mbụ, yana ebe nyocha, bara uru karịa atụmatụ maka ikpe ahụ dum, nke ọ dịghị onye ọkaiwu na-akwụwa aka ọtọ nwere ike inye na mbido.
Ụgwọ ụlọ ikpe na ọnụ ahịa nke akụkụ nke ọzọ
Ịmalite ma ọ bụ ịgbachitere ikpe obodo pụtara ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ ikpe (griffierecht) n'okpuru Iwu Ụgwọ Ụlọikpe Ikpe Obodo (Wet griffierechten burgerlijke zaken). Ọnụ ego ahụ dabere na ụlọ ikpe, uru nke nkwupụta ahụ na ma ị bụ onye ma ọ bụ otu. A na-agbanwe ọnụego ahụ kwa afọ ma bipụta ya na rechtspraak.nl. Ọnụ ego dị ala na-emetụta ndị nwere obere ego.
Ná ngwụcha ikpe obodo, ụlọ ikpe na-enyekarị iwu ka onye meriri kwụọ ụgwọ onye meriri dịka Iwu nke 237 Rv si kwuo. A na-agbakọ onyinye ahụ na nha dabere na isi ihe (liquidatietarief) ma na-abụkarị obere ego n'ezie. Okwu gbasara ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi bụ ihe dị iche: n'okpuru Iwu nke 1019h Rv, ụlọ ikpe nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ezi uche na nke dabara adaba nke e mere n'ezie. Emela atụmatụ ego na echiche na mmeri ga-akwụ ụgwọ onwe ya.
Mkpuchi mmefu iwu
Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na azụmaahịa nwere mkpuchi mmefu iwu (rechtsbijstandverzekering) n'echetaghị ya. Lelee iwu ahụ tupu ị nye onye ọ bụla ntụziaka. A na-ejikarị mkpuchi ahụ ekpebi site na isiokwu, site na uru nkwupụta kacha nta na oge ichere mgbe mmalite nke iwu ahụ gasịrị. N'okpuru iwu mkpuchi EU na iwu ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Ikpe, ị nwere ike ịhọrọ onye ọkaiwu nke gị ozugbo amalitela usoro iwu ma ọ bụ nchịkwa, ọ bụ ezie na onye inshọransị nwere ike ibelata ego ọ na-akwụghachi.
Kedu otu esi akụziri ọkaiwu?
Malite site n'ịchọpụta mpaghara iwu kama ịchọpụta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma weta akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa na oge njedebe gị na nzukọ mbụ.
Dutch practice is specialised: a ụlọ ọrụ ọka iwu for a shareholder dispute, a onye ọka iwu ezinụlọ maka ịgba alụkwaghịm na ụmụaka, na onye ọka iwu ọrụ for dismissal and a ọkàiwu azụmahịa for commercial contracts. Bring a short timeline, the contract or decision at the centre of the matter, the correspondence and any deadline you have received. If a deadline is running, for example the six-week objection period under Article 6:7 Awb, say so at the start.
Gịnị ka ọkaiwu gị ga-eme, gịnịkwa ma ọ bụrụ na ọ daa?
Ọkaiwu gị ga-eme ihe n'adabereghị onwe ya, maka ọdịmma gị, n'ikwesị ntụkwasị obi, n'ụzọ nzuzo na nke ọma. Ọ bụrụ na afọ ejughị gị, ị nwere ike iji usoro mkpesa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wee mee mkpesa na dein nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
Iwu Ndị Ndụmọdụ (Advocatenwet) na-ejikọ onye ọ bụla na-akwado iwu ise dị mkpa: nnwere onwe, ile mmadụ anya n'ihu, ahụmịhe, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nzuzo. Ikike ịjụ inye ihe akaebe na-akwado nzuzo, yabụ ihe ị gwara onye ọkaiwu gị n'ọnọdụ ahụ agaghị ewepụta n'usoro ikpe. Ihu ọha pụtara na ọkaiwu gị na-ejere gị ozi, ọ bụghị echiche na-anọpụ iche banyere esemokwu ahụ. Ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị n'eziokwu: ọ dịghị ọkaiwu nwere ike igosi ozi ụgha n'ụlọ ikpe n'amaghị ama.
Ọkaiwu ji gị ụgwọ nlekọta n'ịhazi okwu ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe a ga-eji n'aka. Ịjụ ntụziaka iwu na-akwadoghị, inye ndụmọdụ megide mkpesa na-enweghị olileanya na ịgwa gị nke ọma na mkpesa ekwesịghị ekwesị bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ.
Ọ bụrụ na afọ ejughị gị, malite site na usoro mkpesa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu Dutch ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị ma kọwaa n'usoro njikọ aka ya; nke anyị dị na usoro mkpesa ụlọ ọrụ anyị . Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ edozighị okwu ahụ, ị nwere ike mkpesa na dian (deken) nke ndị ọka iwu mpaghara. Dian na-enyocha ma na-agbalị ịgbachitere. Mgbe ahụ mkpesa ahụ nwere ike ịga n'ụlọ ikpe ịdọ aka ná ntị (raad van discipline), na mkpesa na ụlọ ikpe mkpesa (hof van discipline). Enwere ike izipu esemokwu gbasara ụgwọ na ịdị mma nke ọrụ ahụ na Kọmitii Mkpesa maka Ọkachamara Iwu (Geschillencommissie Advocatuur) ma ọ bụrụ na usoro njikọ aka ahụ kwadoro ya. Nkwupụta maka mmebi maka nleghara anya ọkachamara na-agbaso ụzọ nkịtị; ọkaiwu Dutch ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị mkpuchi ụgwọ ọrụ ọkachamara.
What can we do for you with legal representation?
Dịka e gosipụtara na peeji anyị onye ọka iwu obodo page, we act for individuals and businesses in and out of court, in Dutch and in English.
- We assess within one working day whether a lawyer is compulsory in your case and which deadline applies.
- We set out our fee and the expected court fee (griffierecht) in a written engagement letter before we start.
- We draft the writ of summons, statement of defence, objection or appeal and file it in time.
- We negotiate with the other side and record any settlement in a binding agreement.
- We represent you before the subdistrict court, the district court, the court of appeal or the administrative courts.
Summary
- N'okwu ndị obodo, ị chọrọ onye ga-akwado gị ma ọ gwụla ma ụlọ ikpe mpaghara ahụ nụrụ okwu ahụ (Isiokwu 79 Rv); na nchịkọta ikpe, onye a na-ebo ebubo nwere ike ịpụta n'onwe ya.
- N'okwu mpụ, ọ bụghị iwu na onye ọkaiwu ga-amachibido, mana ị nwere ikike ịkpọtụrụ ọkaiwu tupu na n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ ndị uwe ojii mbụ (Isiokwu 28 ruo 28d Sv).
- N'okwu nchịkwa, ị nwere ike ime ihe n'onwe gị ma ọ bụ họpụta onye nnọchite anya ọ bụla, mana oge njedebe dị mkpụmkpụ.
- Ike nke onye ọkaiwu na-enye ikike ime ihe iwu kwadoro, ọ bụghị ikike ịgba akwụkwọ.
- A na-ekwekọrịta ụgwọ tupu oge eruo; onye meriri na-akwụkarị naanị obere onyinye a kapịrị ọnụ maka ihe onye meriri.
Ọtụtụ mgbe Ẹbụp Ajụjụ
Enwere m ike ịga ụlọikpe na Netherlands na-enweghị onye ọkaiwu?
Yes, before the subdistrict court, for example in employment, tenancy and consumer cases and for claims up to 25,000 euros (Article 93 Rv), and in administrative cases. Before the district court in other cases, the court of appeal and the Supreme Court, you need an advocaat.
Onye ezinụlọ nwere ikike ọkaiwu ọ na-agụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya?
Only where representation is not compulsory. Before the subdistrict court and in administrative cases, anyone you authorise can represent you. Where a lawyer is compulsory under Article 79 Rv, a power of attorney is not enough.
Akụkụ nke ọzọ ọ ga-akwụ ọkaiwu m ụgwọ ma m merie?
Usually only in part. Under Article 237 Rv the court awards a contribution based on a fixed scale (liquidatietarief), which is often much lower than your actual costs. In intellectual property cases, the full reasonable costs can be awarded (Article 1019h Rv).
