Ojiji ndị uwe ojii iji ike eme ihe: olee mgbe iwu kwadoro ya, gịnịkwa ka ị ga-eme?

Ndị uwe ojii Dutch nwere ike iji ike eme ihe, mana naanị mgbe ebumnuche ahụ kwadoro ya, mgbe enweghị ụzọ dị mfe iji ruo ebumnuche ahụ, na mgbe ndị agha ahụ nọgidere na-enwe ezi uche na nhazi. Ọ bụrụ na onye uwe ojii agafee ókè ndị ahụ, ị ​​nwere ike ime mkpesa, rịọ maka ụgwọ ọrụ n'aka gọọmentị, ebe mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ dị, a ga-ekpe onye uwe ojii ikpe.

Those routes run side by side and answer different questions. Criminal law asks whether the officer committed an offence. Civil law asks whether the government acted unlawfully and must pay for the loss. The complaint procedure asks whether the conduct was proper. Above all of them sits the European Convention on Human Rights, which requires an independent and effective investigation when the police cause death or serious harm.

Gịnị ka iwu ndị Dutch kwuru gbasara iji ike eme ihe n'aka ndị uwe ojii?

Ike iji ike eme ihe sitere na Nkeji edemede nke 7 nke Iwu Ndị Uwe Ojii nke 2012 (Politiewet 2012), iwu ndị zuru ezu sitere na Ntuziaka Gọọmentị (Ambtsinstructie). Ike na-enweghị ikike iwu bụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị mgbe niile.

Dịka Iwu Ndị Uwe Ojii nke 2012 si kwuo , onye uwe ojii a họpụtara ịrụ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii nwere ike iji ike mee ihe n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. A na-ekwe ka nke ahụ mee naanị mgbe ebumnuche ebumnuche mere ka ọ dị mma, na-eburu n'uche ihe egwu ndị agha ahụ na-eweta, na mgbe enweghị ike iru ebumnuche ahụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọzọ. Ebe o kwere mee, ịdọ aka ná ntị ga-ebu ụzọ bịa. Otu akụkọ ahụ kwukwara na iji ike ahụ ga-abụrịrị ihe ezi uche dị na ya ma dị mfe (redelijk en gematigd).

Ederede iwu ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ, mana o nwere ihe anọ na-alọghachi n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikpe niile: ebumnuche iwu kwadoro, mkpa, enweghị ihe ọzọ dị mfe, na nhazi. Ọ bụrụ na otu n'ime ha efuo, ike ahụ anaghị ekpuchi ike ahụ.

Iwu ahụ n'onwe ya ekwughị otu esi eji ike ọ bụla eme ihe. Nke ahụ dị na Ntuziaka Gọọmentị maka ndị uwe ojii, ndị uwe ojii Royal Constabulary (Koninklijke Marechaussee) na ndị ọrụ nyocha ndị ọzọ. Gọọmentị na-enye iwu a site n'iwu na kansụl dabere na Nkeji edemede nke 9 nke Iwu Ndị Uwe Ojii nke 2012. Maka ụzọ ọ bụla, dị ka ịgà aka, ọgwụ ose, mkpara, nkịta ndị uwe ojii, ngwa ọgụ electroshock na egbe, ọ na-akọwa mgbe a ga-eji ya, otu esi eme ya, na ịdọ aka ná ntị na ihe mgbochi ndị a ga-eji. A gbanweela ntuziaka ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, yabụ ụdị dị irè n'ụbọchị ihe merenụ bụ nke dị mkpa.

Kedu otu ụlọ ikpe si anwale ma ike ọ bụ iwu kwadoro?

Ụlọikpe ahụ jụrụ ajụjụ anọ: ma enwere ntọala iwu, ma ọ dị mkpa iji ike mee ihe, ma ọ bụ nha nhata, ma ọ dịghị nhọrọ dị mfe. Ọ na-ekpe ikpe ọnọdụ ahụ dịka onye uwe ojii nwere ike ịhụ ya n'oge mkpebi ahụ.

Ajụjụ mbụ bụ iwu. Onye uwe ojii ò nwere ikike iwu kwadoro ime ihe? Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ike, ike bụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị, n'agbanyeghị otú ebumnuche ya dị. Nke abụọ bụ mkpa. À chọrọ ike n'ezie iji rụọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii, ka à ga-enwe ike ịchịkwa ọnọdụ ahụ na-enweghị ya? Nke atọ bụ nha nhata. Ike ahụ ò ruru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ? Mmehie pere mpe anaghị akwado ụzọ dị arọ. Nke anọ bụ nkwado. È nwere ụzọ ọzọ dị mfe nke gaara arụkwa ọrụ, dị ka ikwu okwu, idobe anya ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe mgbochi?

An example to illustrate: a confused man on a railway platform is shouting and refuses to leave, but he does not physically threaten anyone. Using pepper spray or a baton straight away is then hard to justify, because necessity and subsidiarity are missing. If the same man walks towards bystanders with a knife and ignores orders, a heavier means may well fall within the limits, depending on how acute the threat is.

Ụlọikpe na-eleba anya n'oge mkpebi ahụ, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe ga-esi na ya pụta. Ihe dị mkpa bụ ihe onye uwe ojii ahụ nwere ike ịma, hụ ma nyochaa n'oge ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịhụ ma emechaa na vidiyo igwefoto e lere anya nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, nke ahụ abụghị ikike. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, nnukwu mmebi nke nha nhata ma ọ bụ nkwado nwere ike ịpụta na onye uwe ojii ahụ anaghịzi arụ ọrụ iwu kwadoro.

Isi ihe a dịkwa mkpa nye onye nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Ịjụ onye uwe ojii bụ mpụ dịka Iwu nke 180 nke Iwu Mpụ Dutch (Wetboek van Strafrecht, Sr) si dị naanị ma ọ bụrụ na onye uwe ojii ahụ na-eme ihe iwu kwadoro n'ọrụ ha. Ọ bụrụ na nkwụsị ma ọ bụ njide n'onwe ya bụ iwu na-akwadoghị, a gaghị ata ya ahụhụ dịka iguzogide onye uwe ojii. N'okwu mpụ megide gị, iwu nke ihe ndị uwe ojii mere nwere ike ịbụ ihe nchebe n'onwe ya.

Kedụ ụzọ ike ndị uwe ojii nwere ike iji?

Ntuziaka gọọmentị na-agbakọta site na obere ruo n'ihe siri ike. Ka ihe nwere ike isi na ya pụta na-adị arọ, otú ahụ ka ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ga-esi sie ike ma doo anya karị.

N'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ, e nwere ihe e ji ejide ma tụọ aka. Mgbe ahụ, a ga-eji ose fesa, osisi, nkịta ndị uwe ojii na ngwa agha electroshock (taser) bịa. Mgbọ egbe ahụ bụ oke mpụta. Ọkwa ọ bụla chọrọ ihe iyi egwu dị njọ karị, ụzọ ọ bụla nwekwara iwu nke ya gbasara ịdọ aka ná ntị na ndị a na-agaghị eji ya megide.

Maka egbe ahụ, Ntuziaka Gọọmentị depụtara ọnọdụ ndị a nke ọma. Ihe atụ bụ njide onye a ga-atụ anya na ọ ga-eji ihe ike na-eyi ndụ egwu ozugbo, na izere ihe egwu ozugbo nye ndụ ma ọ bụ nke mmerụ ahụ dị njọ. E nwere mmachi dị mkpa: ọ bụrụ na a mara onye a na-enyo enyo ma ịkwụsịtụ njide ahụ emeghị ka ihe egwu ghara ịdị na-anabata, ekwesighi iji egbe ahụ. Tupu a gbaa égbè ebumnuche, a ga-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụzọ dị mkpa, ọ gwụla ma ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ekwetaghị.

Olee mgbe ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii ga-aghọ mpụ mpụ?

Ike iwu na-akwadoghị abụghị mpụ ozugbo. Kemgbe 1 Julaị 2022, onye uwe ojii nke mebiri iwu maka iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ, mere mpụ dị iche dịka Nkeji edemede 372 nke Iwu Mpụ si dị.

Tupu ụbọchị ahụ, a na-enyocha onye uwe ojii nke ike ya nwere nnukwu ihe ọjọọ dịka nwa amaala ọ bụla ọzọ, megide mpụ nke mwakpo ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ. Ajụjụ bụ ma e nwere ihe akaebe, dị ka ime ihe iji mezuo iwu dịka Nkeji edemede 42 nke Iwu Mpụ si dị.

Iwu gbasara iji ike eme ihe site n'aka ndị ọrụ nyocha (Wet geweldsaanwending opsporingsambtenaar, Akwụkwọ Ozi na Iwu 2021, 233 ) gbanwere usoro a. Isiokwu nke 42 nke Iwu Mpụ na-ekwu ugbu a na onye ọrụ ji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na dịka ntụziaka ha si dị maka iji ike eme ihe agaghị ata ahụhụ. A kọwara ntuziaka ahụ na Isiokwu 90 nke Iwu Mpụ dị ka iwu ndị na-ejikọ aka, nke enyere n'okpuru Iwu Ndị Uwe Ojii 2012 na Iwu Ọrụ Nnyocha Pụrụ Iche, nke na-agwa onye ọrụ otu esi eji ike eme ihe.

The new Article 372 makes it an offence for an officer to act in breach of that instruction through their own fault. The maximum penalty depends on the consequence. If the breach causes bodily injury, the maximum is one year in prison or a fourth-category fine. For serious bodily injury it is two years, and for death three years, in each case alternatively a fourth-category fine. What has to be proved is not intent to injure, but a culpable, significant error in applying the instruction. The legislator’s idea is that professional use of force in the course of duty should be framed differently from arbitrary violence by a citizen. Where an officer acts with intent, the ordinary offences of assault and manslaughter remain available. Prosecutions of officers for force used on duty are heard exclusively by the District Court of Midden-Nederland (Article 2(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

Usoro a agbanweelakwa. Mgbe ihe merenụ metụtara ike gasịrị, onye ọkaiwu ọha nwere ike ibu ụzọ nye iwu ka e mee nyocha nchọpụta eziokwu dịka Iwu nke 511a nke Usoro Mpụ nke Dutch (Wetboek van Strafvordering, Sv) siri kwuo. Nnyocha ahụ na-eleba anya ma onye uwe ojii ahụ mere ihe kwekọrọ na ntuziaka ahụ. Ya mere, a naghị emeso onye uwe ojii ahụ ozugbo dị ka onye a na-enyo enyo. Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe na-egosi na e mebiri iwu ahụ ka ajụjụ ikpe na-ebilite.

Ònye na-enyocha ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii?

Mgbe ndị uwe ojii butere ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ dị njọ, Ngalaba Nnyocha Ndị Uwe Ojii Mba (Rijksrecherche) na-enyochakarị, n'okpuru ikike nke Ọrụ Ikpe Ọha (OM). Ndị uwe ojii ekwesịghị inyocha ojiji ike ha.

That principle avoids any appearance of partiality. The independence of the investigation is a legal requirement in its own right, and the European Court of Human Rights sets strict standards for it. A sensitive point remains: the Rijksrecherche falls under the Public Prosecution Service, which works closely with the police every day. Whether the investigation was sound is therefore as much a legal question as whether the force itself was allowed.

Ọ bụrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ikpe Ọha ekpebie na ha agaghị ekpe ikpe, onye nwere mmasị kpọmkwem, dịka onye merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ onye ikwu dị nso, nwere ike ịkpe ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị dịka Nkeji edemede 12 nke Usoro Mpụ si dị. Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị nwere ike inye iwu ka e kpee ya ikpe. N'ụzọ bụ isi, a ga-etinyerịrị mkpesa a n'ime ọnwa atọ ka a gwachara gị mkpebi ị gaghị ekpe ikpe.

Gịnị ka Nkwekọrịta Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Yurop chọrọ?

Nkeji edemede nke abụọ nke Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-echebe ikike ndụ, Nkeji edemede nke atọ machibidoro mmeso ọjọọ ma ọ bụ mmeso na-emebi ihe. Nkeji edemede abụọ a na-amanyekwa Steeti inyocha ndị uwe ojii dị oke mkpa nke ọma na n'adabereghị onwe ha.

N'okpuru Nkeji edemede nke 2, a na-enye ikike igbu mmadụ site na Steeti naanị ebe ọ dị oke mkpa, dịka ọmụmaatụ iji chebe mmadụ pụọ ​​n'ihe ize ndụ ozugbo nye ndụ. Nke ahụ bụ ikpe kemgbe mkpebi McCann na Ndị ọzọ megide United Kingdom (1995). N'okwu ahụ Ụlọikpe Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Europe mesikwara aka n'akụkụ usoro: iji ike igbu mmadụ site na Steeti ga-esochi nyocha dị irè, nke nọọrọ onwe ya na nke ngwa ngwa. Steeti agaghị ezere igbu mmadụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, kamakwa ọ ga-enyocha nke ọma ihe merenụ.

Maka ike na-anaghị egbu mmadụ, Nkeji edemede nke 3 setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ dị nkọ. Na Bouyid megide Belgium (2015), Ụlọikpe Ukwu ahụ kpebiri na iji ike eme ihe megide mmadụ nke na-adịghị mkpa site n'omume onye ahụ na-ebelata ùgwù mmadụ ma bụrụ mmebi iwu nke Nkeji edemede nke 3. Nke a na-akọwa ihe mere ike megide onye nọ n'okpuru njikwa ji sie ike ịgbachitere. N'ebe a kwa, mkpesa a na-arụ ụka banyere mmeso ọjọọ site n'aka ndị uwe ojii ga-esochi ya na nyocha gọọmentị dị irè.

Ya mere, Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa abụọ. Ajụjụ dị mkpa bụ ma a kwadoro ikike ahụ. Ajụjụ usoro bụ ma e mechara nyochaa ya nke ọma ma n'adabereghị onwe ya. N'okwu gbasara ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii, ajụjụ abụọ a na-enwekarị otu ibu arọ, nnyocha na-ezighi ezi nwekwara ike ịbụ mmebi iwu ọbụlagodi na e ziri ezi na ikike ahụ.

Kedu ka ị si achọ ụgwọ ọrụ mgbe ndị uwe ojii mesịrị ihe ike?

I nwere ike iweta mkpesa obodo maka mmebi iwu dabere na iwu na-akwadoghị (onrechtmatige daad) dịka Iwu Obodo Dutch siri dị (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW). Ajụjụ abụghị ma onye ọrụ ọ bụla ọ bụ onye ikpe mara, kama ọ bụ ma gọọmentị mere ihe megidere iwu ma ga-akwụghachi gị ụgwọ maka ihe furu efu gị.

Ọdịiche ahụ dị mkpa, n'ihi na ihe ga-esi na ya pụta nwere ike ịdị iche. Ikpe mpụ nwere oke ihe akaebe ma na-agbanwe ikpe nke otu onye uwe ojii. Ụlọ ikpe obodo na-eji ụkpụrụ nke ya eme ihe. Ya mere, a pụrụ ịtọhapụ onye uwe ojii ebe ụlọ ikpe obodo ka na-ahụ na ikpe ahụ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị. A na-etinye mkpesa n'ahụ ndị ọrụ ọha na eze na-ahụ maka ihe onye uwe ojii mere, ọ bụghị n'ahụ onye uwe ojii ahụ n'onwe ya.

Iwu nkịtị nke iwu mmebi Dutch na-emetụta. Nkeji edemede 6:95 nke Iwu Obodo na-ekewapụ mfu ego, dị ka ụgwọ ahụike na ego furu efu, na ihe ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. Ụgwọ maka mfu na-abụghị ihe onwunwe, nke a na-akpọkarị ụgwọ maka ihe mgbu na nhụjuanya (smartengeld), dị naanị n'okwu ndị edepụtara na Nkeji edemede 6:106, ọkachasị mmerụ ahụ anụ ahụ, mmebi nsọpụrụ ma ọ bụ aha ọma, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nye onye ahụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Ụlọ ikpe na-edobe ego ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, naanị mfu nke jikọtara ya na ike ka enwere ike ịkọwa na ya (Nkeji edemede 6:98 nke Iwu Obodo).

Nke a bụ ihe mgbochi dị mkpa dị mkpa. N'okpuru Nkeji edemede 150 nke Usoro Iwu Obodo nke Dutch (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering, Rv), ị ga-ekwupụta ma gosi ma mfu ahụ na njikọ kpatara ya na ike ahụ. Maka mmerụ ahụ uche, nkwupụta na ụjọ tụrụ gị nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ na ị na-ehi ụra nke ọma ezughị. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu (Hoge Raad) n'ụkpụrụ chọrọ ozi doro anya, nke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, dị ka akụkọ ahụike ma ọ bụ nke uche. Naanị ebe ụdị na oke njọ nke mmebi iwu ahụ mere ka ihe ga-esi na ya pụta pụta ìhè ka ụlọ ikpe nwere ike ime na-enweghị ihe akaebe ọzọ.

Where a claim is mainly about bodily injury, we work together with a specialist personal injury lawyer; we focus on the legal assessment of the police action and any related criminal proceedings.

Lelee oge mmachi ahụ. N'okpuru Nkeji edemede 3:310 nke Iwu Obodo, mkpesa maka mmebi na-abụkarị ihe a na-agaghị eji oge mee mgbe afọ ise gachara mgbe ị matara ma mfu ahụ ma onye ahụ metụtara ya, nakwa n'ihe ọ bụla afọ iri abụọ ka ihe merenụ gasịrị. Maka mfu nke mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ kpatara, paragraf nke 5 nke isiokwu ahụ metụtara: oge ​​afọ ise ahụ na-amalite site na mmata, na-enweghị nkwụsị afọ iri abụọ. Ị nwere ike ịkwụsị oge ahụ site na mkpesa ederede nke doro anya na ị nwere ikike ịnweta ụgwọ.

Gọọmentị ò nwere ike ịrụ ụka na ọ bụ gị kpatara ya?

Ee. Gọọmentị na-emekarị mkpesa maka onyinye (eigen schuld) dịka Iwu Obodo siri kwuo, nke nwere ike ibelata ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ ghaghị igosi ihe ị mere nke kpatara mfu ahụ.

Nnyocha ahụ nwere usoro abụọ. Nke mbụ, ụlọ ikpe na-ekewa mfu ahụ dabere na oke omume gị na omume nke ndị uwe ojii nke ọ bụla tinyere aka na ya. Mgbe ahụ ọ nwere ike idozi nkewa ahụ maka ihe kpatara ikpe ziri ezi, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ihi na mmejọ dị iche iche n'ihe dị oke njọ.

Isi ihe abụọ na-abara gị uru. Nke mbụ, ibu ọrụ nke ikwu na igosi mmejọ nke aka dị n'aka gọọmentị, ọ bụghị gị. Ọ ghaghị ịkọwapụta ihe ị mere n'ezie, dị ka iguzogide anụ ahụ, mwakpo ma ọ bụ mgbalị ịgbapụ, na otu nke ahụ si tinye aka na mfu ahụ. Nkwupụta izugbe na ị kwadoghị ma ọ bụ chọọ esemokwu ezughị. Nke abụọ, n'ọnọdụ ike na-adabaghị adaba nke ukwuu, mmezi ikpe ziri ezi nwere ike ibelata mbelata nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ọbụna belata ya ruo efu. Mmejọ nke akụkụ ndị uwe ojii na-adịkwa arọ karịa, iwu ahụ e mebiri dịkwa kpọmkwem iji chebe ụmụ amaala pụọ ​​​​ná ike gabigara ókè site n'aka Steeti.

Kedu ka ị si eme mkpesa gbasara omume ndị uwe ojii?

I nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ mkpesa n'aka ndị uwe ojii gbasara otu onye uwe ojii si mesoo gị. Mkpesa anaghị ebute ntaramahụhụ ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ, mana ọ nwere ike ime ka a chọpụta na omume ahụ ezighi ezi.

Ndị uwe ojii na-ebu ụzọ agbalị idozi mkpesa ahụ n'ime mkparịta ụka. Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ ada ada, a na-edozi mkpesa ahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mgbe ụfọdụ site na ndụmọdụ sitere na kọmitii mkpesa nọọrọ onwe ya. Ọ bụrụ na afọ ejughị gị na ihe si na ya pụta, ị nwere ike ịgakwuru National Ombudsman (Nationale Ombudsman), onye nwere ike inyocha ma nye mkpebi ma ndị uwe ojii mere ihe kwesịrị ekwesị. Ikpe onye ombudsman adịghị mkpa, mana ndị uwe ojii na-ewere ya nke ọma ma nwee ike ịkwado mkpesa obodo mgbe e mesịrị.

Echela ogologo oge. Dịka Iwu 9:8 nke Iwu Nchịkwa Izugbe (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb) si kwuo, ọ dịghị mkpa ka otu ndị nchịkwa lebara mkpesa gbasara omume mere ihe karịrị otu afọ tupu e tinye akwụkwọ mkpesa ahụ anya. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị uwe ojii nwere ike ịmalite usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ime megide onye uwe ojii ahụ. Usoro ahụ metụtara ọrụ na ọrụ onye uwe ojii; ndị uwe ojii enweghị ụlọ ikpe ịdọ aka ná ntị ọkachamara dịka nke ndị dọkịta ma ọ bụ ndị ọkaiwu dị.

Ya mere, otu ihe merenụ nwere ike ịgba ọsọ n'ụzọ anọ n'otu oge: mpụ, ikpe obodo, mkpesa na ịdọ aka ná ntị. Nsonaazụ ya nwere ike ịdị iche. Ịtọhapụ onye ahụ n'ikpe mpụ apụtaghị na ikpe ahụ bụ nke iwu kwadoro n'okpuru iwu obodo ma ọ bụ nke kwesịrị ekwesị n'okpuru usoro mkpesa.

Gịnị ka ị ga-eme mgbe gị na ndị uwe ojii mechara ihe?

Nweta ihe akaebe ngwa ngwa ma hụ na dọkịta dekọrọ mmerụ ahụ ọ bụla. Mgbe ahụ kpebie ụzọ dabara na ebumnuche gị: ikpe, ụgwọ ọrụ, ịchọpụta omume na-ezighị ezi, ma ọ bụ njikọta.

Ihe akaebe na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa. Dee ihe merenụ ozugbo enwere ike, gụnyere oge, ebe, ọnụọgụ ndị ọrụ na ihe ọ bụla e kwuru. Jụọ ndị akaebe maka nkọwa kọntaktị ha. A na-edegharị ihe onyonyo igwefoto sitere na ụlọ ahịa, ụgbọ njem ọha ma ọ bụ ndị na-anọ n'akụkụ mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole ma ọ bụ izu ole na ole gasịrị, yabụ rịọ ka e debe ya ozugbo. Mee ka a lelee ma see foto maka mmerụ ahụ, ma debe ndekọ ahụike niile, n'ihi na ha bụ ntọala maka mkpesa ọ bụla maka mfu na-abụghị ihe onwunwe.

Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka a kpee onye uwe ojii ikpe, ị nwere ike itinye akụkọ mpụ (aangifte). Ọ bụrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ikpe Ọha ekpebie ịghara ikpe ya, oge ọnwa atọ maka mkpesa nke Isiokwu 12 ga-amalite. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ụgwọ ọrụ, ziga akwụkwọ mkpesa ederede nye ndị uwe ojii nke na-akọwa ihe merenụ ma debe ikike gị ịnweta mmebi; nke a na-egbochikwa oge mmachi ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka a mata na e mesoro gị ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, mkpesa bụ ụzọ kachasị ọsọ, na-eburu oke otu afọ n'uche. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ekpe gị ikpe mpụ n'onwe gị, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka iguzogide onye uwe ojii, a ga-ebuli iwu nke ihe ndị uwe ojii mere iji chebe gị.

What should you check as the person affected?

• Write down times, places, the number of officers and what was said on the day itself.
• Ask shops, public transport companies and bystanders in writing to keep camera footage before it is overwritten.
• Have injuries examined, photographed and recorded by a doctor.
• File a complaint with the police within one year (Article 9:8 Awb).
• File an Article 12 complaint within three months after you are notified that the officer will not be prosecuted.
• Send a written claim that reserves your right to compensation, to interrupt the five-year limitation period.

What should you check as an officer under investigation?

• Establish whether the prosecutor ordered a fact-finding investigation under Article 511a Sv or treats you as a suspect.
• Use your right to legal assistance in the fact-finding investigation (Article 27(3) Sv).
• Check which version of the Official Instruction was in force on the day of the incident.
• Record what you could see and know at the moment of your decision, because the court judges from that moment.

What can we do for you after police use of force?

Anyị ndị ọka iwu mpụ assist both citizens and officers.

• We draft and file your criminal report (aangifte) and follow up with the Public Prosecution Service.
• We file the Article 12 complaint with the court of appeal within the three-month period.
• We raise the unlawfulness of the police action in your defence against a charge of resisting an officer (Article 180 Sr).
• We assist officers during a fact-finding investigation under Article 511a Sv and before the District Court of Midden-Nederland.
• We send the written claim that interrupts limitation and coordinate with a personal injury specialist on the damages.
• We prepare your complaint to the police and the National Ombudsman.

Summary

• Ndị uwe ojii nwere ike iji ike naanị mgbe ebumnuche ahụ kwadoro ya, ọ dịghị ụzọ dị mfe ga-eme ya, ike ahụ na-anọgidekwa na-adị mma ma na-adị mfe (Isiokwu nke 7 Iwu Ndị Uwe Ojii 2012).
• Ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-anwale iwu, mkpa, nha nhata na nkwado, nke a na-ekpebi site n'ọnọdụ onye ọrụ ahụ n'oge mkpebi ahụ.
• Kemgbe 1 Julaị 2022, mmebi iwu gbasara iji ike eme ihe na-akpata mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ bụ mpụ dịka Iwu 372 nke Iwu Mpụ si dị.
• I nwere ike ịchọ ụgwọ ọrụ, gụnyere maka mfu na-abụghị ihe onwunwe, dịka Iwu Obodo siri kwuo, mana ị ga-egosi na mfu ahụ na njikọ ihe kpatara ya.
• Mkpesa, akụkọ mpụ na mkpesa obodo nwere ike ịga n'ihu n'akụkụ, nke ọ bụla nwekwara oge njedebe nke ya.

Ọtụtụ mgbe Ẹbụp Ajụjụ