Ibu ọrụ azụmaahịa dịka iwu Dutch si dị na otu esi ekpebi ya site na nkwekọrịta

Dịka iwu Dutch si dị, azụmaahịa ga-ata ahụhụ n'ihi ihe abụọ: maka mmebi nkwekọrịta dịka edemede 6:74 nke Iwu Obodo Dutch si dị (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), nakwa maka ihe na-ezighi ezi (onrechtmatige daad) dịka edemede 6:162 BW si dị nye ndị ọ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta. Ị nwere ike ịkpa oke nke ukwuu n'ime mkpughe ahụ site na nkwekọrịta, mana ọ bụghị ihe niile: ibu ọrụ ngwaahịa, nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọzọ na ụfọdụ nkwupụta ndị ahịa na-ada n'èzí ihe otu okwu nwere ike iru.

On top of those two bases, the Civil Code attributes to your business the conduct of your employees and of the auxiliaries you use, and the risks of the movables, buildings and hazardous substances you operate. A limitation clause only helps you if it was validly agreed. The general requirements for liability are set out in our article on mgbe ị bụ onye kpatara mmebi ahụ, na ụzọ site na nkwupụta ruo na ụgwọ ọrụ dị na ntuziaka anyị gaa ebubo ebubo.

Kedu ihe bụ isi ihe abụọ dị mkpa maka ibu ọrụ azụmaahịa, gịnịkwa mere ọdịiche ahụ ji dị mkpa?

Onye ahịa ma ọ bụ onye na-ebubata ngwaahịa na-agba gị akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta; onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-agba gị akwụkwọ n'ụzọ mmejọ. Ihe dị iche na-ekpebi ma iwu ibu ọrụ gị nwere ike ichebe gị ma ọlị.

Ibu ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-ebilite mgbe ị dara ịrụ ọrụ, ọ bụkwa gị kpatara ọdịda ahụ. Nkeji edemede 6:74 BW na-amanye onye kwụsịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ mmebi ahụ. N'ọtụtụ oge, nke a na-emetụta naanị mgbe onye ji ụgwọ kwụsịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ (verzuim). Nke ahụ na-achọkarị ọkwa ederede nke ndabara (ingebrekestling) nke na-enye oge ezi uche dị na ya maka arụmọrụ, n'okpuru isiokwu 6:82 BW. Achọghị ọkwa ebe arụmọrụ aghọọla ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume kpamkpam ma ọ bụ ebe oge njedebe a kara aka agafeela. Mmebi dị oke njọ na-enyekwa onye nke ọzọ ohere ịgbasa nkwekọrịta ahụ (ontbinding) n'okpuru isiokwu 6:265 BW.

Liability in tort is the residual regime. Article 6:162 BW covers three kinds of wrongful conduct: infringing a right, acting or failing to act contrary to a statutory duty, and conduct contrary to what is proper in society. The act must be attributable to you, and there must be damage and a causal link. The rule you breached must also have been intended to protect against the kind of damage suffered. This is the requirement of relativity (relativiteit) in article 6:163 BW. Damage is compensated to the extent it can be attributed to the event as a consequence, under article 6:98 BW.

Ihe dị iche nwere ike ime. Enwere ike ịkwụsị, wepụ ma ọ bụ mee ka mkpesa nkwekọrịta dị n'okpuru obere oge ọkwa. Nkwekọrịta nke onye nke atọ apụghị igbochi mkpesa na mmejọ nke onye nke ọzọ na-abanyeghị aka na ya. Ọ bụ ya mere otu ihe merenụ, dị ka ntinye mmiri na-agbapụta, mbugharị data dara ada ma ọ bụ otu nwere nkwarụ, nwere ike ịkpata obere nkwupụta nkwekọrịta site n'aka onye ahịa gị na nkwupụta na-enweghị njedebe site n'aka onye nke atọ nke furu efu.

Olee mgbe ị ga-aza ajụjụ maka ndị mmadụ na ihe azụmahịa gị na-eji?

A na-ebo gị ebubo mgbe niile n'enweghị mmejọ ọ bụla nke gị. Iwu Obodo na-akọwa mmejọ nke ndị ọrụ gị na ndị na-enyere gị aka, yana ihe egwu nke ihe onwunwe gị na ihe ndị dị na ya, kpọmkwem n'azụmahịa gị.

N'okpuru edemede 6:170 BW, onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ ga-aza ajụjụ maka mmebi nke onye ọrụ ya kpatara nye onye nke atọ. Nke a metụtara ebe ọrụ e kenyere mụbara ohere nke mmejọ ahụ, onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ nwekwara ikike ịchịkwa omume ahụ. Isiokwu 6:171 BW na-agbasa otu echiche ahụ nye ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-abụghị ndị nọ n'okpuru ndị na-arụ ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke azụmahịa gị. Ya mere, ịnye onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta n'okpuru anaghị ewepụ ihe egwu ahụ n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ gị. Isiokwu 6:172 BW na-eme otu ihe ahụ maka ndị nnọchi anya na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ikike ha.

Iwu ahụ na-akọwakwa ihe egwu dị na ihe ndị dị na ya. Onye nwere ihe na-ebugharị nwere nkwarụ ga-aza ajụjụ dịka edemede 6:173 BW si kwuo, onye nwere ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu dịka edemede 6:174 BW si kwuo, na onye ji ihe dị ize ndụ eme ihe dịka edemede 6:175 BW si kwuo. Ebe e ji ihe ndị ahụ eme ihe n'ọrụ azụmaahịa, edemede 6:181 BW na-ebufe ibu ọrụ site n'aka onye nwe ya gaa n'aka onye na-arụ ọrụ azụmaahịa ahụ. Ọ bụ ya mere onye nwe ụlọ ji achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ, ọ bụghị onye nwe ụlọ, ji ebu ibu ọrụ.

Kedu ka ibu ọrụ ngwaahịa si arụ ọrụ, gịnịkwa na-agbanwe?

Onye mmepụta ga-aza ajụjụ n'enweghị mmejọ maka mmebi nke ngwaahịa mebiri emebi kpatara, dịka edemede 6:185 BW na isiokwu ndị na-eso ya si dị. Onye merụrụ ahụ ga-egosi na ntụpọ ahụ, mmebi ahụ na njikọ ya, mana ọ bụghị nleghara anya. Ihe nchebe ndị a pere mpe ma gụnye nchebe ihe egwu mmepe. Dị mkpa maka ide ihe, edemede 6:192 BW na-enye na enweghị ike iwepụ ma ọ bụ kpachie ibu ọrụ a nye onye merụrụ ahụ. Onye na-eweta ngwaahịa nke na-enweghị ike ịchọpụta onye na-eweta ngwaahịa nke ya nwere ike ịhụ onwe ya dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe.

This regime is changing. Directive (EU) 2024/2853 replaces the 1985 Product Liability Directive. It brings software and digital manufacturing files within the concept of a product. It adds destruction or corruption of data as a type of damage, for data not used for professional purposes. It also eases the burden of proof where technical or scientific complexity makes proving a defect excessively difficult. Member States must transpose it by 9 December 2026, and it applies to products placed on the market or put into service after that date. Until the Dutch implementing legislation amending Book 6 BW enters into force, the present articles continue to apply.

Olee mgbe a ga-ejide ndị nduzi n'onwe ha?

Ebe ụlọ ọrụ enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ, ndị na-eme mkpesa na-ele anya na bọọdụ ahụ. Onye nduzi ji ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ụgwọ ịrụ ọrụ ya nke ọma dịka edemede 2:9 BW si kwuo. Onye nduzi nwekwara ike ibu onye ji ụgwọ n'aka n'okpuru edemede 6:162 BW maka itinye aka n'ọrụ n'aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ maara, ma ọ bụ ghọta nke ọma, na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ agaghị enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ ma ọ gaghị enye ihe ọ bụla ga-eme ka ọ dị mma.

N'ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye, isiokwu nke 2:248 BW na-eme ka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụrụ ndị a ga-ata ụta maka ụkọ ego ebe ha mere ọrụ ha n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, nke ahụ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa kpatara enweghị ego. Ịghara idebe ndekọ kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ idekọ akaụntụ kwa afọ n'oge na-eme ka a na-eche na ọ bụ megide ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ. Isiokwu anyị gbasara ibu ọrụ nke ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ibu ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na otu na-enyocha oke ndị ahụ nke ọma.

Kedụ ka ị ga-esi belata ibu ọrụ site na nkwekọrịta dịka iwu Dutch si dị?

N'etiti azụmaahịa, otu okwu nke na-egbochi ma ọ bụ wepụ ibu ọrụ (ịhapụ ibu ọrụ) dị irè n'ụzọ isi. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ikpe nwere ike ịtọhapụ ya n'akụkụ ebe ọ ga-abụ ihe a na-anaghị anabata site n'ụkpụrụ ezi uche na ikpe ziri ezi (redelijkheid en billijkheid), n'okpuru isiokwu 6:248 paragraf nke 2 BW.

N'ọrụ, ụlọ ikpe na-atụle oke mmebi iwu ahụ, ụdị mmebi ahụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị otu ahụ, ma a kparịtara okwu ahụ, na ma ihe egwu ahụ ọ bụ mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi nwere ike ịdị. A na-ewepụ okwu ahụ n'akụkụ mgbe niile ebe mmebi ahụ mere n'amaghị ama ma ọ bụ site n'amaghị ama n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-achịkwa ya.

Nke ahụ na-eduga n'iwu dị mfe nke ide ihe: mkpuchi nha nhata na-adịgide, mwepụ mkpuchi anaghị adịte aka. Mkpuchi ego a na-egosi dị ka ọtụtụ ụgwọ a kwụrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma ọ bụ ego onye na-ahụ maka inshọransị gị na-akwụ, tinyere mwepụ nke mfu dị ka uru furu efu na nkwụsị azụmaahịa, siri ike karịa nkebi nke na-agbalị iwepụ ibu ọrụ niile maka ihe niile.

A gaghị ejikwa ụdị atọ otu a ma ọlị:

• A gaghị ewepụ ibu ọrụ maka ngwaahịa nwere nkwarụ n'aka onye merụrụ ahụ.
• Ibu ọrụ nye ndị ahịa dabere na ndepụta ojii na isi awọ dị na Akwụkwọ nke 6 BW, nkebi nke na-ewepụ ibu ọrụ maka ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ onwe onye agaghị adịte aka.
• Nkebi okwu enweghị ike igbochi mkpesa nke onye nke atọ mere n'ime ihe ọjọọ, n'ihi na onye ahụ abụghị onye so na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Naanị nkebi okwu nke onye nke atọ ma ọ bụ usoro nkwekọrịta nwere ike idozi nke ahụ.

È kwetara nkebi okwu ahụ nke ọma?

Nkebi nke mmachi n'ime usoro na ọnọdụ izugbe gị ga-enyere gị aka naanị ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere usoro ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ị ga-enye onye nke ọzọ ohere kwesịrị ekwesị iji mara ha, n'ụkpụrụ site n'inye ha tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe emechara nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ emeghị, onye nke ọzọ nwere ike ịkagbu usoro ndị ahụ, okpu ahụ ga-apụkwa n'anya ha.

Ebe akụkụ abụọ ahụ zoro aka na okwu nke ha, ntụaka mbụ ga-adị irè ma ọ gwụla ma akụkụ nke ọzọ jụrụ ya nke ọma (ihe a na-akpọ agha nke ụdị). Nkọwa anyị nke usoro na ọnọdụ izugbe na-akọwa usoro.

Kedụ ahịrịokwu ndị ọzọ na-ebelata mkpughe gị?

Ngwa nkwekọrịta abụọ ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie. Nkebi mkpesa na-edozi oge a ga-akọ akụkọ mmejọ n'ime ya. Ọ na-akwado ọrụ iwu kwadoro na edemede 6:89 BW ime mkpesa n'ime oge kwesịrị ekwesị, onye nke furu efu ikike ya ime mkpesa na-enye onye na-eweta ya otu n'ime ihe nchebe kachasị dị irè ya. Mkpuchi, n'adịghị ka nkebi iwu mmachi, na-agbanwe nkwupụta nke onye nke atọ nye onye nke gị. Ọ bụ azịza ọkọlọtọ ebe onye na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ onye ahịa gị.

Kedu oke oge ị nwere ike ịtụkwasị obi dị ka ihe nchebe?

A claim that is not brought in time does not have to be paid.

Nkwupụta maka mmebi iwu, maka ihe e mejọrọ ma ọ bụ mmebi nkwekọrịta, na-aghọ ihe a na-agaghị eji oge mee (verjaard) afọ ise mgbe ụbọchị ahụ onye merụrụ ahụ matara ma mmebi ahụ ma onye a ga-ata ụta, na n'ihe ọ bụla afọ iri abụọ ka ihe merenụ gasịrị, n'okpuru isiokwu 3:310 BW. Nkwupụta maka imezu ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-abụkarị afọ ise site na ụbọchị e kwesịrị imezu ihe omume ahụ. Enwere ike ịkwụsị oge mmachi site na ọkwa ederede nke nwere ikike imezu ihe omume ahụ n'enweghị mgbagha, dịka isiokwu 3:317 BW chọrọ. Mkpesa na-abụghị nke iwu na-akwadoghị ezughị mgbe niile.

N'akụkụ mmachi ahụ, ọrụ mkpesa dị na edemede 6:89 BW. Onye zụrụ ma ọ bụ onye ahịa nke chọpụtara ntụpọ ga-eme mkpesa n'ime oge ezi uche dị na ya. Ihe ezi uche dị na ya dabere n'ụdị nkwekọrịta ahụ na mmebi ahụ. Oge ọnwa abụọ a kapịrị ọnụ nke a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ metụtara naanị ire ahịa nke ngwaahịa ndị ahịa na-ebugharị, ọ bụghị nkwekọrịta azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ịzụta ụlọ, ebe ọkọlọtọ ahụ ka bụ oge ezi uche dị na ya. Ihe ga-esi na ya pụta maka azụmahịa gị dị mfe: dekọọ mkpesa n'akwụkwọ, na ụbọchị, ekwekwala ka mkparịta ụka gaa n'ihu ruo ọnwa ole na ole na-edekọghị ya.

Kedu ọrụ iwu nwere ike ịghọ ibu ọrụ?

Akụkụ na-eto eto nke mkpughe ụlọ ọrụ sitere na ọrụ iwu kwadoro. Imebi ha nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-ezighị ezi dịka edemede 6:162 BW si kwuo, ndị na-achịkwa nwekwara ike ịmanye ha site na ntaramahụhụ.

Kemgbe ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2026, Iwu Nchekwa Intanet (Cyberbeveiligingswet), nke bụ mmejuputa iwu NIS2 nke mba Netherlands, metụtara òtù ndị na-enye ọrụ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ dị mkpa. Ha ga-edebanye aha na National Cyber ​​Security Centre (NCSC), mee ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka njikwa ihe egwu, ma kọọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa ozugbo enwere ike na n'ime awa iri abụọ na anọ, wee soro ya akụkọ zuru oke n'ime awa iri asaa na abụọ. N'okpuru Iwu Nchedo Data Izugbe (GDPR), a ga-agwakarị Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) maka mmebi data nkeonwe n'ime awa iri asaa na abụọ, ndị metụtara ya nwekwara ike ịrịọ maka ụgwọ maka mmebi ahụ.

Gịnị gbanwere maka nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị maka nkwado siri ike?

Echiche a gbanwere site na mgbanwe Omnibus. Ntuziaka (EU) 2026/470 gbanwere Ntuziaka Ọrụ Nkwado Due Diligence (CSDDD). E wepụla usoro ibu ọrụ obodo nke EU nke ntuziaka mbụ ahụ, mba ndị so na ya ga-etinye ntaramahụhụ kachasị nke 3% nke mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Iwu nlezianya kwesịrị ekwesị ga-emetụta ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ site na 26 Julaị 2029.

Ya mere, a ka na-ebuga ebubo megide ụlọ ọrụ maka mmebi ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka nke dị na edemede 6:162 BW, dịka ọ dị na usoro Shell. Na 12 Nọvemba 2024 Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị nke Hague wepụrụ iwu mbelata nke 2021 (ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2024:2099), mana o kpebiri na Shell nwere ọrụ inyere aka ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ ọgụ. Milieudefensie eburula ikpe ahụ gaa Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu (Hoge Raad). Ọ bụghị ihe ziri ezi ikwu na Iwu Ihu Igwe (Klimaatwet) na-etinye ibu ọrụ n'ahụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche; ọ na-esetịpụ ebumnuche maka amụma gọọmentị.

Gịnị gbasara ọgụgụ isi arụrụ arụ?

Under the AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), the prohibited practices have applied since 2 February 2025 and the rules for general-purpose AI models since 2 August 2025. The high-risk regime has been postponed by the AI Omnibus: to 2 December 2027 for the systems listed in Annex III, and to 2 August 2028 for those under Annex I. The proposed AI Liability Directive has been withdrawn. Damage caused by an AI system is therefore assessed under the ordinary rules of Dutch liability law and, once transposed, under the revised product liability regime.

Gịnị ka ị kwesịrị ịlele dịka onye na-ebubata ngwaahịa?

As a supplier, you want a cap that holds in court. Check your contracts with the most turnover first.

• Were your general terms provided before or when the contract was concluded (Article 6:234 BW)?
• Does the clause contain a proportionate cap and an exclusion of consequential loss, rather than a blanket exclusion?
• Is the cap aligned with the amount your liability insurer pays out?
• Do you have a complaint period and an indemnity for third-party claims?
• Do you record complaints and notices in writing, with a date, to rely on Articles 6:89 and 3:310 BW?

Gịnị ka ị kwesịrị ịlele dịka onye ahịa?

As a customer, you want to know what you can still recover if the supplier fails. A cap that looks reasonable on paper can leave you with most of the loss.

• Is the supplier’s cap in proportion to the damage a failure could realistically cause you?
• Does the exclusion of consequential loss cover lost profit and business interruption that matter most to you?
• Did you reject the supplier’s general terms expressly when you referred to your own (Article 6:225(3) BW)?
• Have you sent a written notice of default (Article 6:82 BW) and reserved your claim to interrupt limitation (Article 3:317 BW)?

What can we do for you with business liability?

We advise businesses on liability in contract and in tort; see also our ụlọ ọrụ ọka iwu page.

• We review your general terms and liability clauses and check how they are incorporated into your contracts.
• We draft a proportionate cap, an exclusion of consequential loss, a complaint clause and an indemnity.
• We align your liability clauses with your insurance cover.
• We send a notice of default or interrupt a limitation period on your behalf.
• We assess or defend a liability claim from a customer or a third party.

Summary

• Azụmaahịa nwere ibu ọrụ na nkwekọrịta (isiokwu 6:74 BW) na n'ime ihe ọjọọ (isiokwu 6:162 BW); naanị nkwekọrịta ahụ ka nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-ebelata.
• Iwu ahụ na-akọwa omume nke ndị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na ndị nnọchi anya, yana ihe egwu nke ngwaahịa, ụlọ na ihe ndị dị na ya, n'azụmahịa (isiokwu 6:170-6:181 BW).
• Mkpuchi nha nhata n'okwu ndị e tinyere n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-abụkarị ihe a na-apụghị ime; mwepụ zuru oke, ma ọ bụ nke a tụkwasịrị obi mgbe ebumnobi ma ọ bụ enweghị nlezianya, anaghị emekarị ya.
• A gaghị ewepụ ibu ọrụ ngwaahịa nye onye merụrụ ahụ, iwu ọhụrụ nke ibu ọrụ ngwaahịa EU na-emetụta ngwaahịa ndị e tinyere n'ahịa mgbe 9 Disemba 2026 gasịrị.
• Oge mmachi, ọrụ mkpesa, na ọrụ dịka Iwu Nchekwa Saịberịa na GDPR si dị bụ akụkụ nke mkpughe gị na nchekwa gị.

Ọtụtụ mgbe Ẹbụp Ajụjụ